Why do so many programs use rational databases instead of loading the data during startup and keeping it in memory? Especially for smaller datasets I would think, that a database adds unnecessary complexity and overhead. Also, a lot of data can be saved using modern RAM and when using an in-memory approach, optimized data structures can be utilised to further improve the performance
Relational database/RDBMS? It’s because the added complexity was necessary or desirable for some reason - relational databases are pretty good at managing data fairly quickly, often with features to deal with timing issues, concurrency, transactions, security, auditing, replication… They have theory going back decades and are still highly relevant. Same as any other software offering, you sometimes expect it to provide features you can’t, won’t or shouldn’t implement yourself.
The overhead is likely negligible, or was considered a fair tradeoff, or the database is actually better at its job in the given scenario. Hopefully. Sometimes people really do add shitloads of very unnecessary overhead by mistake, or overengineer their solutions terribly (cause it’s fun)