That’s a pretty enthnocentric definition. I can’t read most of the sources, but reference #5 gets it’s definition from a book written in 1936. Modern anthropology and other social sciences have moved beyond this definition because deciding if “Civilization” exists should be more nuanced than checking boxes.
Right? The bike is cool, don’t get me wrong, but that waterfall/stream down the rocks is beautiful! Seems like a lovely spot~
Add to that a freakin steeple suggesting a beautiful centuries old Cathedral in the background.
In Canada we have our ancient wilderness … In Europe they have centuries of historical civilization.
TBF, we also had millennia of historical civilization in Canada but something happened…
Well … At least according to Wikipedia, one of the necessary parts of civilization was a writing system.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization?wprov=sfla1
As far as I know there were no writing systems developed by native Americans until Sequoya invented one for the Cherokee in the 1820s.
So there is an argument to be made that although there were native societies here first, there was no civilization.
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That’s a pretty enthnocentric definition. I can’t read most of the sources, but reference #5 gets it’s definition from a book written in 1936. Modern anthropology and other social sciences have moved beyond this definition because deciding if “Civilization” exists should be more nuanced than checking boxes.