This is the best summary I could come up with:

"Sea temperatures are still almost two degrees higher than the long-term average and that’s been the case for almost all of this year,” Dr Smale says.

“[But] from a marine environment that is relatively very thermally stable, but that could potentially have a huge impact, that’s what our research is hoping to find out.”

But unlike coral, kelp is found in huge quantities across the globe in different temperatures, from oceans – to the Arctic.

Data collated by the Copernicus, the earth observation component of the European Union’s space programme, highlights 2023 as an alarming year in terms of surface sea temperature.

“We’ve seen examples on the Pacific where we’ve had die-offs and big oxygen low zones associated with the warming and it wouldn’t be untrue to say that we may be on the verge of seeing that in the UK and European seas as well,” warned Professor Helen Findlay at Plymouth Marine Laboratory.

As temperatures test the foundations of marine ecosystems – scientists continue to analyse what’s in store in the short term – and what the oceans could look like for future generations.

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